Corporate social responsibility and global standardization: sustainable environmental management in the chemical industry

Corporate social responsibility and sustainable development are issues that been in the forefront of corporate strategy for several decades. The increase in the power of environmental groups, the ease of cross border information flow, and the rising concern of the public with regards to global impact of environmental issues are motivating factors resulting in the establishment of environmental management systems. Many multinational chemical companies, threatened with the possibility of the establishment of new, stricter, environmental laws, are actively working to demonstrate their corporate social responsibility while operating in a global market with regards to developing and implementing voluntary programs to handle the increasingly important issues surrounding environmental responsibility and global sustainability. The integration of the environmental management system into the corporate vision, mission and strategic plan is demonstrated with the ultimate goal of changing corporate culture in the companies which have the power to affect international environmental policies.chemical industry, corporate social responsibility, environmental management system, global sustainability.

Bajo peso al nacer en Uruguay: implicaciones para las políticas de salud

This study analyzes the probability of low birthweight birth using a sample representing all births in Uruguay during 2003. Data from the Perinatal Information System allow us to estimate the effects of health inputs and risk factors on birthweight outcomes for a less-developed country. The results indicate that the probability of low birthweight is negatively correlated with adequacy of prenatal care usage and maternal educational attainment, while this probability is positively correlated with smoking during pregnancy, low body mass index, first pregnancies, pre-gestational hypertension, and the existence of a prior low birthweight birth. We also find a hospital-specific effect on the probability of low birthweight, positive for public hospitals and negative for private hospitals. Policy simulations indicate that a reasonable improvement in prenatal care usage could positively influence infant health in Uruguay by reducing the probability of low birthweight.Low Birthweight; Health Risks; Uruguay

Entrepreneurial Orientation, Management Commitment, And Human Capital: The Internationalization Of SMEs In India

Small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) make sizeable contributions to the economic success of nations. Research concerning the internationalization of SMEs is available in the context of developed economies but less is can be found dealing specifically with the entrepreneurial behavior and international expansion of SMEs in emerging markets such as India. This research extends the literature addressing the relationships surrounding the internationalization of SMEs in India as related to entrepreneurial behavior, firm resources, and commitment to internationalization. Entrepreneurial orientation, a commitment to internationalization, and the ability to leverage human capital influence the international success of Indian SMEs, based on the analysis of data collected from 150 Indian SMEs

El Estado de Salud de los Jóvenes Uruguayos

This work studies the health status of young Uruguayan population based on the Survey on Health and Social Networks, carried by Department of Economics of the Faculty of Social Sciences of the UdelaR, during the year 2004. Through an ordered probit model,Health status, young people, risky behaviour, Uruguay

El estado de salud de los jóvenes uruguayos

This paper is a study of the health of young people in Uruguay. The empirical work is based on the “Health and Social Networks” survey carried out by the Department of Economics of the Social Sciences Faculty, in agreement with the National Youth Institute, in 2004. Using an ordered probit, the probability of having very good, good, or bad health status is estimated, controlled by socio-economic factors and risk-linked behavior. It is found that the probability of having better health status depends positively on education, physical activity, not being undernourished, not smoking, living in small cities, having human capital and living in a household with less relative privation. In reference to health status and the economic status of the family, the first fifteen years of life appears as positively determining it. In order to identify groups at risk, several simulations are done, predicting probabilities for several groups such as: behavior that causes a serious health risk (smoking, drinking alcohol, not doing physical excursive, being undernourished or obese), people with low socio-economic status (living in a household with high relative privation, economic problems in the first fifteen years of life, falling behind in the education system and not having human capital), and both at the same time. It has been found that those with risk behavior have a 14 per cent probability of having very good health status (as against the average, which is 24 per cent), the figure for those with low socio-economic status is 4 per cent, and the figure for those with both characteristics just 2 per cent.health status, health production, human capital, youth

El estado de salud del adulto mayor en América Latina

Utilizing data from the Health, Well-Being, and Aging Survey (La Encuesta sobre Salud,Bienestar, y Envejecimiento), this study analyzes the health status of adults over age 60 in five Latin American countries: Argentina, Brasil, Chile, México, and Uruguay. We employ ordered probit models that allow us to investigate the effects of socioeconomic variables on self-reported health status. The results indicate that self-reported health is positively correlated with good nutrition, more education, and an active lifestyle. Males and those who are satisfied with their current level of income are more likely to report better health. We also find that socioeconomic status early in life influences self-reported health status; this result has important implications for public health policy. Finally, the relationship between socioeconomic measures and self-reported health appears to be relatively consistent across these five countries.health status, aging, endogeneity

El peso al nacer de los niños de la principal maternidad de Uruguay: 1995 a 2004

Este estudio investiga el impacto de factores de riesgo en el peso al nacer de los neonatos de la principal maternidad del Uruguay, el Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell, hospital público que atiende fundamentalmente población de bajos ingresos. La información proveniente del Sistema Informático Perinatal (CLAP, OPS/OMS) cubre los nacimientos registrados entre 1995 y 2004. Se encuentra que la mayoría de los factores de riesgo incluidos son signifi cativos predictores, tanto del peso al nacer como del bajo peso al nacer. Aquellos que pueden ser infl uidos por políticas públicas (uso de cuidados prenatales y educación) tienen un efecto signifi cativo en el peso al nacer; sin embargo, también lo tienen los factores de riesgo epidemiológicos. Por tanto, es importante incrementar la utilización adecuada de los controles prenatales y la educación materna, pero también lo es para los hacedores de política considerar caminos que reduzcan la ocurrencia de ciertos factores de riesgo epidemiológicos evitables", como el hábito de fumar de la madre, los cortos períodos interembarazos y las edades extremas de la madre."cuidados prenatales, factores de riesgo, peso al nacer

The Internationalization Of Indian SMEs In B-to-B Markets

Purpose – The study aims to examine the effect of market orientation on the international performance of Indian SMEs in the business-to-business market; assess the potential moderating effect of environmental uncertainty, along with market orientation, on SMEs’ performance; and discuss implications to guide SME owners/managers in their efforts to successfully expand internationally in turbulent markets. Design/methodology/approach – Surveys were sent to a random cross-sectional industry sample of SMEs located in India. The data consisted of 150 responses. Findings – Market orientation and international orientation are positively related to export performance and the relationship between the market orientation and international performance of Indian SMEs is moderated by market turbulence. Research limitations/implications – The data were collected at a single point in time, and therefore do not allow the determination of cause and effect or the impact of changes over time. Data were collected with a reliance on self-reports for all of the research variables. Practical implications – The positive relationship between market orientation, international orientation, and the degree of internationalization of the firm would suggest that the upper management of Indian SMEs should place a priority on promoting behaviors consistent with a positive international orientation, especially in turbulent markets. Originality/value – Studies focused on market orientation have been done primarily in the context of advanced economies. The significant economic contribution of SMEs is well understood, but their business practices in emerging economies have not been studied extensively. This study extends the literature concerning factors that impact business success in an important emerging market such as India

Understanding The Characteristics Of The Growth Of SMEs In B-To-B markets In Emerging Economies: An Organizational Ecology Approach

Purpose – The aim of this paper is to focus on the determinants that impact the growth of SMEs in B-to-B markets in emerging economies. The objective is to apply the classic model of organizational ecology to examine the characteristics of growth patterns in the B-to-B environment for SMEs in emerging markets, specifically India and China. Application of the model can guide SMEs owners/managers in their effort to successfully expand internationally in turbulent markets characterized by competitive and technological intensity. Design/methodology/approach – An overview of the basics of the organizational ecology model is presented, followed by the description of various economic drivers of B-to-B markets in India and China. The integration of the organizational ecology model and the strategic development of methods to deal with specific challenges of entering international markets are discussed. The paper concludes with managerial implications and suggestions for future research. Findings – Businesses operating in emerging markets face many of the same roadblocks concerning efficiencies, increasing competition, and the need for capital, that are experienced by businesses throughout the world, however, they also face challenges unique to the developmental nature of the country environment. Ecological models can be used to understand the dynamics between resource utilization and growth. Practical implications – The ecology-based view evaluates the utilization of resources with a focus on how changes in resource availability impact the international growth strategy of the B-to-B firm in India and China. These two economies represent a large business environment, generally underdeveloped with regards to taking advantage of potential resource availability. Originality/value – While the significant economic contribution of SMEs is well understood, their business practices in emerging economies have not been extensively studied, especially in the B-to-B arena. The goal here is to stimulate the development of new insights for managing the complex relationships between the B-to-B SMEs, organizational ecology, and the international environment in emerging markets. This study extends the literature concerning factors that impact business success in important emerging markets such as India and China